Dynamic Markings
Image
Name
Meaning
Pianississimo
Very Very Soft
Pianissimo
Very Soft
Piano
Soft
Mezzo Piano
Medium Soft
Mezzo Forte
Medium Loud
Forte
Loud
Fortissimo
Very Loud
Fortississimo
Very Very Loud
Crescendo (cresc.)
Becoming gradually louder
Decrescendo (decresc.)
Becoming gradually softer
Diminuendo (dim.)
Becoming gradually softer
Messa di voce
Becoming louder then softer
cresc.
Crescendo
Becoming gradually louder
dim.
Diminuendo
Becoming gradually softer
Forte-piano
Accented, then immediately soft
Forzando
Strongly accented
Sforzando
with sudden force or emphasis
Rinforzando
reinforced; emphasized
Sforzato
With sudden force
Giovanni Gabrieli (ca.1556–-1612) was an Italian composer and organist. He was one of the most influential musicians of his time. He was original not only in his use of instrumentation, but in his development of dynamic markings. His Sonata piano e forte is possibly the earliest piece to use dynamics.